{
 "public_id": "AIR-2025-0163",
 "incident_id": "2025-11-oligo-shadowray-2",
 "date_disclosed": "2025-11",
 "date_occurred": "2025-09",
 "title": "ShadowRay 2.0: exposed Ray AI clusters hijacked into a self-propagating botnet with LLM-generated payloads",
 "class": "in_the_wild",
 "attack_surface": "agent_framework",
 "initial_vector": "unauthenticated_ray_jobs_api_on_exposed_dashboards",
 "agent_capability_abused": [
  "distributed_job_scheduling",
  "cluster_node_affinity_for_self_spread"
 ],
 "target_product": "Ray (Anyscale) clusters",
 "target_vendor": "Anyscale",
 "autonomy_level": "assistant",
 "impact_realized": true,
 "impact_type": [
  "infrastructure_compromise",
  "cryptomining",
  "data_theft"
 ],
 "blast_radius": "230,000+ Ray servers exposed to the internet; confirmed compromises across multiple continents including clusters worth millions in annual compute",
 "cve": [
  "CVE-2023-48022"
 ],
 "taxonomy": {
  "owasp_asi": [
   "ASI03",
   "ASI08"
  ],
  "mitre_atlas": [],
  "labels": [
   "ai_infrastructure",
   "disputed_cve",
   "self_propagating",
   "llm_generated_payloads"
  ]
 },
 "defense_present": "None by default - Ray ships without authentication",
 "defense_bypassed": true,
 "fix_shipped": "No patch; the CVE is disputed by Ray maintainers as intended behaviour for trusted environments",
 "primary_sources": [
  "https://www.oligo.security/blog/shadowray-2-0-attackers-turn-ai-against-itself-in-global-campaign-that-hijacks-ai-into-self-propagating-botnet"
 ],
 "verified_quote": "LLM-generated payloads",
 "confidence": "high",
 "notes": "Second wave of the March 2024 ShadowRay campaign. The AI angle is twofold and both parts should be read narrowly: the victims are AI compute clusters, and Oligo infers from code style, comments and error handling that the payloads were LLM-written - which is suggestive, not proof. The 230,000 exposure figure is internet-wide scanning, not compromise count. Oligo later linked this campaign to TeamPCP, the same cluster GTIG ties to the LiteLLM supply-chain compromise. Anyscale disputes CVE-2023-48022 as a vulnerability at all. Only month-level precision was verified for the Oligo publication date (early November 2025).",
 "risk_category": "security_fraud",
 "risk_secondary": [],
 "risk_subcategory": "Multi-agent contagion",
 "risk_sub_secondary": [],
 "risk_override_reason": "compromised Ray clusters recruited each other into a self-propagating botnet",
 "ai_entity": "generative",
 "agency": "ai_as_target",
 "agency_debatable": false,
 "agency_reason": "exposed Ray clusters hijacked via an unauthenticated jobs API",
 "vector_family": "conventional_vulnerability",
 "vector_detail": "unauthenticated_ray_jobs_api_on_exposed_dashboards",
 "guardrail_kind": [
  "none"
 ],
 "guardrail_outcome": "not_applicable",
 "xrefs": {
  "aiid": [],
  "atlas": [],
  "cve": [
   "CVE-2023-48022"
  ],
  "ghsa": []
 },
 "primary_asi": "ASI03",
 "agent_framework": "unknown",
 "model_provider": "unknown",
 "model_name": "",
 "detection_mechanism": "unknown",
 "tool_access": "unknown",
 "financial_loss_band": "unknown",
 "eai_category": "confused_deputy",
 "eai_domain": "access_control_and_permissions",
 "eai_secondary": [],
 "eai_reason": "subcategory: Multi-agent contagion",
 "asi_curated": [],
 "asi_scope": "in_scope",
 "asi_provenance": "rule",
 "asi_reason": "ASI03 (eai_category=confused_deputy); ASI08 (signal=cascade)",
 "submitted_by": "EAI Internal"
}