{
 "public_id": "AIR-2025-0138",
 "incident_id": "2025-09-radware-zombieagent-chatgpt",
 "date_disclosed": "2025-09-25",
 "date_occurred": null,
 "title": "ZombieAgent: indirect prompt injection through ChatGPT Connectors and Deep Research exfiltrates connected-service data",
 "class": "responsible_disclosure",
 "attack_surface": "enterprise_assistant",
 "initial_vector": "indirect_prompt_injection_email",
 "agent_capability_abused": [
  "connector_retrieval",
  "deep_research_browsing",
  "url_open"
 ],
 "target_product": "OpenAI ChatGPT (Deep Research, Connectors)",
 "target_vendor": "OpenAI",
 "autonomy_level": "semi_autonomous",
 "impact_realized": false,
 "impact_type": [
  "data_exfiltration",
  "persistence"
 ],
 "blast_radius": "ChatGPT users with Gmail/Outlook/Drive/Jira/Teams connectors enabled",
 "cve": [],
 "taxonomy": {
  "owasp_asi": [
   "ASI01",
   "ASI03"
  ],
  "mitre_atlas": [
   "AML.CS0066"
  ],
  "labels": [
   "zero_click",
   "connector_abuse",
   "static_url_dictionary_exfil",
   "url_guard_bypass"
  ]
 },
 "defense_present": "OpenAI control preventing dynamic URL construction",
 "defense_bypassed": true,
 "fix_shipped": "OpenAI mitigations after disclosure",
 "primary_sources": [
  "https://www.radware.com/blog/threat-intelligence/zombieagent/",
  "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-atlas/atlas-data/main/dist/v6/ATLAS-2026.07.yaml"
 ],
 "verified_quote": "We’ve discovered several new vulnerabilities that allow an attacker to exploit ChatGPT to exfiltrate sensitive or personal information.",
 "confidence": "high",
 "notes": "Radware. Bypassed OpenAI's anti-exfiltration control by supplying a precomputed dictionary of static URLs, one per character, instead of building URLs dynamically. Successor to Radware's earlier ShadowLeak work.",
 "risk_category": "security_fraud",
 "risk_secondary": [
  "privacy"
 ],
 "risk_subcategory": "Prompt Injection",
 "risk_sub_secondary": [
  "Persistence & Covert C2"
 ],
 "ai_entity": "generative",
 "agency": "agent_acted",
 "agency_debatable": false,
 "agency_reason": "the agent opened the attacker's URLs to spell out the data",
 "vector_family": "indirect_prompt_injection",
 "vector_detail": "indirect_prompt_injection_email",
 "guardrail_kind": [
  "unknown"
 ],
 "guardrail_outcome": "silent",
 "xrefs": {
  "aiid": [],
  "atlas": [
   "AML.CS0066"
  ],
  "cve": [],
  "ghsa": []
 },
 "primary_asi": "ASI01",
 "agent_framework": "unknown",
 "model_provider": "openai",
 "model_name": "",
 "detection_mechanism": "unknown",
 "tool_access": "unknown",
 "financial_loss_band": "unknown",
 "eai_category": "privilege_escalation",
 "eai_domain": "access_control_and_permissions",
 "eai_secondary": [
  "data_exfiltration_channels",
  "confused_deputy"
 ],
 "eai_reason": "impact rule: privilege_escalation",
 "asi_curated": [
  "ASI01"
 ],
 "asi_scope": "in_scope",
 "asi_provenance": "curated_plus_rule",
 "asi_reason": "curated: ASI01 | added ASI03 (eai_category=privilege_escalation, no code execution)",
 "submitted_by": "EAI Internal"
}