{
 "public_id": "AIR-2025-0134",
 "incident_id": "2025-09-openai-shadowleak",
 "date_disclosed": "2025-09-18",
 "date_occurred": null,
 "title": "ShadowLeak: server-side zero-click Gmail exfiltration via ChatGPT Deep Research agent",
 "class": "responsible_disclosure",
 "attack_surface": "enterprise_assistant",
 "initial_vector": "indirect_prompt_injection_email",
 "agent_capability_abused": [
  "connector_retrieval",
  "autonomous_browsing",
  "outbound_http"
 ],
 "target_product": "ChatGPT Deep Research (Gmail connector)",
 "target_vendor": "OpenAI",
 "autonomy_level": "semi_autonomous",
 "impact_realized": false,
 "impact_type": [
  "data_exfiltration"
 ],
 "blast_radius": "ChatGPT users/tenants with Gmail (or other) connectors enabled to Deep Research",
 "cve": [],
 "taxonomy": {
  "owasp_asi": [
   "ASI01",
   "ASI02"
  ],
  "mitre_atlas": [],
  "labels": [
   "zero_click",
   "indirect_prompt_injection",
   "invisible_text",
   "server_side_exfil",
   "no_client_telemetry"
  ]
 },
 "defense_present": "agent guardrails on tool use; no egress control on the agent's own server-side fetches",
 "defense_bypassed": true,
 "fix_shipped": "OpenAI fixed in early August 2025; marked resolved 2025-09-03",
 "primary_sources": [
  "https://securityaffairs.com/182334/hacking/shadowleak-radware-uncovers-zero-click-attack-on-chatgpt.html"
 ],
 "verified_quote": "The experts discovered a zero-click vulnerability in ChatGPT’s Deep Research agent when connected to Gmail and browsing.",
 "confidence": "high",
 "notes": "Radware researchers Zvika Babo, Gabi Nakibly and Maor Uziel; disclosed to OpenAI via Bugcrowd on 2025-06-18. Radware's own blog (radware.com/blog/threat-intelligence/shadowleak/) is behind a bot-check page, so secondary coverage (Security Affairs) is used as the primary source per the curation rule. Distinguishing feature: exfiltration happens from OpenAI's cloud, leaving no network evidence in the customer's environment. Radware says the technique extends to other connectors (Box, Dropbox, GitHub, Drive, HubSpot, Outlook, Notion, SharePoint).",
 "risk_category": "privacy",
 "risk_secondary": [],
 "risk_subcategory": "Data Exfiltration via Context",
 "risk_sub_secondary": [],
 "ai_entity": "generative",
 "agency": "agent_acted",
 "agency_debatable": false,
 "agency_reason": "the Deep Research agent browsed server-side and exfiltrated Gmail",
 "vector_family": "indirect_prompt_injection",
 "vector_detail": "indirect_prompt_injection_email",
 "guardrail_kind": [
  "permission_scope"
 ],
 "guardrail_outcome": "silent",
 "xrefs": {
  "aiid": [],
  "atlas": [],
  "cve": [],
  "ghsa": []
 },
 "primary_asi": "ASI01",
 "agent_framework": "google_gemini_workspace",
 "model_provider": "openai",
 "model_name": "",
 "detection_mechanism": "unknown",
 "tool_access": "unknown",
 "financial_loss_band": "unknown",
 "eai_category": "data_exfiltration_channels",
 "eai_domain": "privacy",
 "eai_secondary": [
  "confused_deputy"
 ],
 "eai_reason": "subcategory: Data Exfiltration via Context",
 "asi_curated": [
  "ASI01"
 ],
 "asi_scope": "in_scope",
 "asi_provenance": "curated_plus_rule",
 "asi_reason": "curated: ASI01 | added ASI02 (impact=tool_misuse)",
 "submitted_by": "EAI Internal"
}